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Social Articles - User Driven Modelling - Research Approach
The intention for this research is to enable non-programmers to create software from a user interface that allows them to model a particular problem or scenario. This involves a user entering information visually in the form of a tree diagram. The aim is to develop ways of automatically translating this information into program code in a
According to USFDA, a combination product is one composed of any combination of a drug and device; biological product and device; drug and biological product
variety of computer languages. The research is on translating from an abstract model of a problem expressed by a user, to software to solve the problem, and visualise the solution. This is very important and useful for many people who have insufficient time to learn programming languages. Scaffidi et al (2005) explain how much programm
; or drug, device, and biological product and fixed dose combination would include two or more combinations of drug.
Examples of combination products may in
Examples of combination products may in
ng is undertaken by those who are not professional programmers. The the open source Prot?g? ontology editor is used, this is developed from a project of Stanford University, there is a page on the Prot?g? Community Wiki (2006) to describe this. This is used to research visualisation, and visualisation techniques to create a human compute
lude drug-coated devices, drugs packaged with delivery devices in medical kits, and drugs and devices packaged separately but intended to be used together.
r interface that allows non experts to create software.
This research demonstrates how a taxonomy can be used as the information source, from which it is possible to automatically produce software. This technique is most suitable at present to modelling, visualisation, and searching for information. The research is about the technique o
This research demonstrates how a taxonomy can be used as the information source, from which it is possible to automatically produce software. This technique is most suitable at present to modelling, visualisation, and searching for information. The research is about the technique o
here is enormous increase in the number of combination products entering the market in the recent years. Combination products have proven advantages but fixe
User Driven Model (UDM) Development that could be part of a wider approach of User Driven Programming (UDP). This approach involves the creation of a visual environment for software development, where modelling programs can be created without the requirement of the model developer to learn programming languages. The theory behind this a
d dose combinations are still in the process of convincing regulatory authority on their advantages over the single ingredient formulations.
Combination pro
Combination pro
proach is examined, and also the main practical work in creation of this system. The basis of this approach is modelling of the software to be produced in ontology management systems such as Jena (Jena, 2006), and Prot?g? (Stanford University, 2006). It also has the potential to be computer language and system independent as one represen
ucts have become life saving products for the pharmaceutical companies who doesn’t have many innovative molecules in their product pipeline and have been inc
tation could be translated into many computer languages or Meta languages (Dmitriev, 2006).
The development of visual user interfaces has been a major step forward. The use of pictorial metaphors such as folders to represent a collection of files has greatly aided human computer interaction. Pictorial metaphors give visual feedback so
The development of visual user interfaces has been a major step forward. The use of pictorial metaphors such as folders to represent a collection of files has greatly aided human computer interaction. Pictorial metaphors give visual feedback so
easingly used in the product life cycle management. Even the companies having product patents are trying to extend their product life cycle through the combi
he user knows what the software system is doing. This technique can be used more dynamically in simulations. Simulations represent the real world problem and provide constant feedback to the user on how the system is progressing. In this sense, all software should be regarded as a simulation. Pictorial metaphors are static, while a us
nation products and maximize the revenues. But the companies involved in this practice are overlooking that they are burdening the patients both economically
rs' mental model is made up of mental images connected together by a set of rules. The user runs a mental model like a simulation. Static user interfaces rely on a user to string together images into a mental model which correctly represents what the system is doing. A user may generate a mental model in response to user interface met
and physically. They need to rightly judge the benefits of the combination products and they have to even look at the risks involved when combining the produ
aphors which is inconsistent with the system model. Simulation can help to ensure that the designers' model, system model and users' model are all the same. This subject is explored by Crapo et al. (2001), and is the basis of the visualisation techniques used to enable the user to create and understand models that are subsequently transl
ts. Some of the combination products were well accepted by physicians while others suffered. Companies involved in development of combination products are fi
ted into software representations. This is also explained in chapter one of Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration (Cypher, 1993), this explains how the Pygmalion language attempts to bridge the gap between the programmer's mental model of a subject and what the computer can accept. The author of this system David Smith (Smith, 19
ding difficulty in defining their combination products and facing various challenges from selecting a combination to marketing it.
Following aspects would a
Following aspects would a
7) went on to develop office oriented icons as part of the Xerox's "Star" computer project.
The research applies this User Driven technique to aerospace engineering but it should be applicable to any subject. The basis of the research is the need to provide better ways for people to specify what they require from computer software using
The research applies this User Driven technique to aerospace engineering but it should be applicable to any subject. The basis of the research is the need to provide better ways for people to specify what they require from computer software using
dd to the challenges in developing combination products:
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
Which markets to tap where the combination products can do fairly well?
Which combination prod
techniques that they understand, instead of needing to take the intermediate steps of either learning a computer language(s) or explaining their requirements to a software expert. These intermediate steps are expensive in terms of time, cost, and level of misunderstanding. If users can communicate intentions directly to the computer the
cts are meaningful and rational?
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
Which therapeutic categories to select?
Which Combinations can address unmet needs of the patients?
Do combin
can receive quick feedback and be able to adapt their techniques in a quick and agile way in response to this feedback.
A modelling environment needs to be created by software developers in order to allow users/model builders/domain experts to create their own models. This modelling environment could be created using an open standard l
A modelling environment needs to be created by software developers in order to allow users/model builders/domain experts to create their own models. This modelling environment could be created using an open standard l
tions increase the patient compliance?
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
What would be the developing cost?
How to tackle the risks encountered during combination product developmen
nguage such as XML (eXtensible Markup Language). As the high level translation though this would depend on tools developed using lower level languages, this is why tools such as Prot?g? and DecisioPro (now called Vanguard Studio) (Vanguard Software, 2006) are used. Until recently XML has been used to represent information but languages s
t?
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
As combination products don't fit into the traditional categories of drugs, medical devices, or biological products, the USFDA is in the process of devel
uch as Java, C++, and Visual Basic have been used for the actual code. Semantic languages such as XML could be used in future for software development as well as information representation, as they provide a higher level declarative view of the problem.
References
Scaffidi, C., Shaw, M., Myers, B., 2005. Estimating the Numbers o
References
Scaffidi, C., Shaw, M., Myers, B., 2005. Estimating the Numbers o
ping new procedures for reviewing their safety, efficacy and quality.
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
Professional from academic institutions, pharmaceutical industries, health care indust
End Users and End User Programmers. IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing, (VL/HCC'05): 207-214 Dallas, Texas.
Prot?g? Community Wiki, 2006. User Driven Progamming [online]. Available from: http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?UserDrivenProgramming.
Jena, 2006. Jena - A Semantic Web Framework for Java [onli
Prot?g? Community Wiki, 2006. User Driven Progamming [online]. Available from: http://protege.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?UserDrivenProgramming.
Jena, 2006. Jena - A Semantic Web Framework for Java [onli
y and representatives from various regulatory agencies are working out to design the regulatory requirements for manufacture and sale of combination products
e]. Available from: http://jena.sourceforge.net/.
Stanford University, 2006. Welcome to prot?g? [online]. Available from: http://protege.stanford.edu/.
Dmitriev, S., 2006. Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm [online]. Available from: http://www.onboard.jetbrains.com/is1/articles/04/10/lop/.
Crapo, A. W., Waise
Stanford University, 2006. Welcome to prot?g? [online]. Available from: http://protege.stanford.edu/.
Dmitriev, S., 2006. Language Oriented Programming: The Next Programming Paradigm [online]. Available from: http://www.onboard.jetbrains.com/is1/articles/04/10/lop/.
Crapo, A. W., Waise
.
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
As there is an increasing trend of the combination products companies manufacturing such products should be able to tackle the problems involved in the de
l, L. B., Wallace, W. A., Willemain, T. R., 2000. Visualization and the process of modeling: a cognitive-theoretic view. Conference on Knowledge Discovery in Data - Proceedings of the sixth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining pp 218-226.
Cypher, A., 1993. Watch What I Do Programming by Demonstratio
Cypher, A., 1993. Watch What I Do Programming by Demonstratio
elopment. They need to be wiser in analyzing the market trends and the regulatory requirements.
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
Companies that provide selfless information through particip
. MIT Press, Chapter 1 [online]. Available from: http://www.acypher.com/wwid/Chapters/01Pygmalion.html ISBN:0262032139.
Smith, D. C., 1977. A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought. Basel: Birkhauser.
Vanguard Software, 2006. Vanguard Studio [online]. Available from: http://www.vanguardsw.com/products/vanguard-studio/
Smith, D. C., 1977. A Computer Program to Model and Stimulate Creative Thought. Basel: Birkhauser.
Vanguard Software, 2006. Vanguard Studio [online]. Available from: http://www.vanguardsw.com/products/vanguard-studio/
tion in industry events and feedback to regulatory authorities would be able to face the challenges and will be successful in developing combination products
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